Tornio

Tornio (Northern Sami: Duortnus, Swedish: Torneå) is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. The municipality has a population of 22,453 (31 March 2010)^[2] and covers an area of 1,348.42 square kilometres (520.63 sq mi) of which 161.47 km² (62.34 sq mi) is water.^[1] The population density is 18.92 inhabitants per square kilometre (49.0 /sq mi). It borders to the Swedish municipality of Haparanda (in Finnish: Haaparanta). Tornio is unilingually Finnish.

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[edit] History

The delta of the Tornio river has been inhabited since the end of the last ice age, and there are currently (1995) 16 settlement sites (boplatsvallar) known in the area, similar to those found in Vuollerim (c.6000–5000 BC). The Swedish part of the region is not far from the oldest permanent settlement site found in Scandinavia^[6]. A former theory that this region was uninhabited and "colonised" from the Viking Age onward has now been abandoned.

Until the 19th century, inhabitants spoke Kemi Sami, a language of the Eastern Sami group similar to Finnish.

Tornio was named after the river Tornio; (North Sami) Duortnosjávri, presumably from (Finnish) Tornionjärvi, tornio, "tower-y".

The spire of the church of Tornio was one of the landmarks used by de Maupertuis in his measurements. The church was constructed in 1686 by Matti Joosepinpoika Härmä. The xxxx^{[clarification needed]} of the church is the oldest found in North Europe, built in 1688.

Orthodox Church, Tornio

Bilingual Finnish/Swedish sign showing 200 metres until entering Sweden from Finland, Tornio customs station (Tornion tulliasema)

Torneå (se: "Torne river") received its charter from the King of Sweden in 1621 and was officially founded on the island of Suensaari (literally "Wolf Island", probably named after one of the main landowners of the past). The charter was in recognition of Tornio being the hub of all trade in Lapland throughout the 16th century. It was the largest merchant town in the North at the time and for some years ranked as the richest town in the Swedish realm. Despite the lively trade with Lapland and overseas, the population of the town remained stable for hundreds of years at little over 500.

Engraving from time of Swedish control

During the 18th century Tornio was visited by several expeditions from Central Europe who came to discover the Arctic. The most notable expedition (1736–1737) was led by a member of the Academie Française, Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, who came to take measurements along the Tornio river which would show that the globe is flattened towards the poles.

The Lapland trade on which Tornio depended started to decline in the 18th century, and the harbour had to be moved downriver twice as a result of the rising of the land (post-glacial rebound), which made the river too shallow for navigation. However, the greatest blow to the wealth of the town came in the last war between Sweden and Russia in 1808, which saw the Russians capture and annex Finland. The border was drawn through the deepest channel of the Muonio and Tornio rivers, splitting Lapland in two parts, hurting the trade. Tornio ended up on the Russian side of the border on special insistence by the Russian czar. The Swedes developed the village of Haaparanta (present day Haparanda) on their side of the border, to balance the loss of Tornio.

During the Russian period Tornio was a sleepy garrison town. Trade only livened up during the Crimean War and the First World War, when Tornio became an important border crossing for goods and people. During the First World War Tornio and Haparanda had the only rail link to connect the Russians to their Western allies.

After the independence of Finland in 1917 Tornio lost its garrison and saw further decline although its population increased steadily. The town played no role of importance in the Finnish Civil War, but was the scene of some fierce street fighting at the onset of the Lapland War Nazi Germany. The quick liberation of the town by the Finnish forces, probably saved it from being burned down like so many other towns in Lapland. As a result the beautiful wooden church from 1686 can still be admired today. between Finland and

After World War II, the town created new employment with the success of the local brewery Lapin Kulta and the stainless steel factory Outokumpu. Tourism based on the border has been a growing industry too. The town is a centre of education for Western Lapland with a vocational college and a university of applied sciences.

Tornio and Haparanda have a history as twin cities, and are set to merge under the name EuroCity. A new city centre is under construction on the international border and several municipal services are shared. ^[7] The towns also have a common golf course, situated astride the border. The new IKEA store in Haparanda has signposting in Finnish as well as in Swedish, and all prices are signposted in two currencies.

[edit] Sports

Tornion Palloveikot, or just ToPV, has become Finnish bandy champions several times. They play their home matches in Haparanda, which was the venue for games at the 2001 Bandy World Championships.

Teemu Tainio, footballer was born in Tornio.

[edit] Transport

A break of gauge occurs at Tornio between the Finnish and Swedish railway systems. A bogie exchange and Variable gauge axle track gauge changing facility are provided.

Kemi-Tornio Airport is located in Kemi, about 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-east from Tornio city centre.

The highway 29 (part of the European route E8) between Keminmaa and Tornio is the world's northernmost motorway. Tornio is also the northern end of the European route E4.

[edit] Twin cities

Tornio's closest economic and cultural ties are with its immediate neighbour:

Haparanda, Sweden

Tornio also has links with:

[edit] See also

Haparanda (Sweden)
Övertorneå (Sweden)

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b "Area by municipality as of 1 January 2010" (in Finnish and Swedish) (PDF). Land Survey of Finland. http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/Pintaalat_kunnittain_1.1.2010.pdf. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Population by municipality as of 31 March 2010" (in Finnish and Swedish). Population Information System. Population Register Center of Finland. http://www.vrk.fi/vrk/files.nsf/files/ACFC13B2F489698CC22577030039BD73/$file/20100331.htm. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
^ "Population according to language and the number of foreigners and land area km2 by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=060_vaerak_tau_107_fi&ti=V%E4est%F6+kielen+mukaan+sek%E4+ulkomaan+kansalaisten+m%E4%E4r%E4+ja+maa%2Dpinta%2Dala+alueittain++1980+%2D+2008&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi. Retrieved 29 March 2009.
^ "Population according to age and gender by area as of 31 December 2008". Statistics Finland's PX-Web databases. Statistics Finland. http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=050_vaerak_tau_104_fi&ti=V%E4est%F6+i%E4n+%281%2Dv%2E%29+ja+sukupuolen+mukaan+alueittain+1980+%2D+2008&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=3&multilang=fi. Retrieved 28 April 2009.
^ "List of municipal and parish tax rates in 2010". Tax Administration of Finland. 24 November 2009. http://www.vero.fi/download.asp?id=5853;25512. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
^ as currently known in 2004.
^ Rajalla – På Gränsen

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tornio

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